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Prior studies have demonstrated that immunologic dysfunction underpins severe illness in COVID-19 patients, but have lacked an in-depth analysis of the immunologic drivers of death in the most critically ill patients. We performed immunophenotyping of viral antigen-specific and unconventional T cell responses, neutralizing antibodies, and serum proteins in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, using influenza infection, SARS-CoV-2-convalescent health care workers, and healthy adults as controls. We identify mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell activation as an independent and significant predictor of death in COVID-19 (HR = 5.92, 95% CI = 2.49-14.1). MAIT cell activation correlates with several other mortality-associated immunologic measures including broad activation of CD8+ T cells and non-Vδ2 γδT cells, and elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines, including GM-CSF, CXCL10, CCL2, and IL-6. MAIT cell activation is also a predictor of disease severity in influenza (ECMO/death HR = 4.43, 95% CI = 1.08-18.2). Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals a shift from focused IFNα-driven signals in COVID-19 ICU patients who survive to broad pro-inflammatory responses in fatal COVID-19 -a feature not observed in severe influenza. We conclude that fatal COVID-19 infection is driven by uncoordinated inflammatory responses that drive a hierarchy of T cell activation, elements of which can serve as prognostic indicators and potential targets for immune intervention.

Original publication

DOI

10.1371/journal.ppat.1009804

Type

Journal article

Journal

PLoS Pathog

Publication Date

09/2021

Volume

17

Keywords

Antibodies, Neutralizing, Antibodies, Viral, Antigens, CD, Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte, B-Lymphocytes, Biomarkers, Blood Proteins, COVID-19, Cohort Studies, Critical Illness, Female, Humans, Immunophenotyping, Influenza, Human, Lectins, C-Type, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Middle Aged, Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells, Patient Acuity